Current magnetic disks can be divided into single-disc disks and multi-disc disks. The former has only one disk in the disk body, while the latter has multiple disks. As mentioned before, data can be stored on both sides of each disk, so each disk needs two heads, each reading and writing on one side. However, one thing must be clarified: the disk only allows one head to read and write data at a time. In other words, no matter how many platters and heads there are in the disk, it is impossible to improve the throughput and IO performance of the hard disk, but can only increase the capacity. However, many people are already committed to changing this status quo, hoping to enable the magnetic heads to read and write concurrently within the disk, which is equivalent to forming a RAID between the disks and the disks to improve performance. However, this project has not yet been able to Application products.

Factors that affect hard drive performance include the following:

(1) Rotation speed: Rotation speed is the primary factor affecting the throughput performance of the hard disk during continuous IO. When reading and writing data, the magnetic head does not move. It depends entirely on the rotation of the disk to sense the data in the corresponding sector to the magnetic head. Therefore, the faster the disk rotates, the shorter the data transmission time.

In the case of continuous IO, the number of head arm seeks is very small, so to improve the throughput or IOPS value, the rotation speed is the primary influencing factor. At present, mid-to-high-end hard drives generally run at 10,000 rpm or 15,000 rpm. Recently, some manufacturers are trying to achieve 20,000 rpm hard drives, and they already have finished products, but it remains to be seen whether they will be widely used in the end.

(2) Seek speed: Seek speed is the primary factor affecting disk random IO performance. In the case of random IO, the head arm needs to change tracks frequently, and the time spent on data transmission is very small compared to the time consumed by track changing, not at all in the same order of magnitude. So if the head arm can change tracks at a very high speed, it will increase the random IOPS value. The current average seek speed of high-end disks is below 10ms.

(3) Single disk capacity: Single disk capacity is also an indirect factor affecting disk performance. The higher the capacity of a single disk, the greater the amount of data in the same space, that is, the greater the data density. Under the same rotation speed and seek speed conditions, hard drives with high data density will show higher performance. Because under the same overhead, a hard drive with a high single-disk capacity will read more data. At present, manufacturers have developed hard drives with a single-disc capacity of more than 300GB, but they have not been put into use yet.

(4) Interface speed: Interface speed is the least important factor affecting hard disk performance. The current interface speed theoretically meets the highest external transmission bandwidth that the disk can achieve. In a random IO environment, interface speed is even less important, because the bottleneck is almost entirely seek speed. However, high-end hard drives use high-speed interfaces, which is a common practice.

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