The operating system kernel needs to provide a complete I/O control process and prepare a large number of various data structures to manage the flow of I/O between various modules.   These modules include: VFS directory layer, Page Cache layer, file system layer, network processing layer, common block layer, I/O scheduler layer, block device driver layer, external I/O channel controller driver layer. These layers together form a large and complex I/O protocol stack.   I'm sure you already have an idea of how programs use I/O devices. The most common I/O devices fall into three categories: network card devices, storage devices（st2400mm0129）， and interactive devices such as keyboards/mice. These devices can be connected to the system through PCIE or USB ports. The question is, how is the data sent to them generated and sent all the way to the device driver and to the device?   If a user mode program wants to read the contents of sector 0 of a hard disk fan, it cannot directly manipulate the hard disk, because it cannot call the functions provided by the hard disk device driver at all, it can only delegate the kernel code to do this through the read system call.   In the parameters of the read system call, the user side program must at least tell the kernel: which device to read, which bytes of the device to read from, where to put the data read back into memory, and other parameters (such as what way to read when reading, etc.). The same goes for reading files. 

The LSI 9380-8e has been introduced in previous articles. Now let me introduce the LSI 9380-4i4e 05-25190-02. This is a raid controller by Broadcom with the following specifications and benefits:   Specification: 1. Interface: The megaraid sas 9380 4i4e is equipped with four internal SATA/SAS ports and four external SATA/SAS ports, enabling it to connect to both internal and external storage devices. 2.RAID support: The controller supports multiple RAID levels, including RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 6, RAID 10, and RAID 50, as well as JBOD (Independent Disk Only) mode. 3. Data transfer rate: support 12Gb/s SAS data transfer rate, high bandwidth, can provide faster data transfer speed. 4. Drive compatibility: Compatible with SATA and SAS hard drives, providing flexibility and scalability. 5. Caching: Provides caching mechanisms to improve performance and support hardware RAID computations to reduce the burden on the host processor.   Advantages: 1. High performance: LSI 9380-4i4e LSI00439 adopts advanced technology and high transmission rate, which can provide excellent storage performance and is suitable for applications requiring high-speed data transmission. 2. Data protection: Support multiple RAID levels, including redundancy and data mirroring, to provide data redundancy and fault tolerance to ensure data security and reliability. 3. Scalability: Four internal and four external ports provide high drive connectivity, making it suitable for scenarios where multiple storage devices need to be connected and flexible storage expansion. 4. Management and monitoring: LSI 9380-4i4e is equipped with management tools to simplify the configuration, monitoring and troubleshooing process and improve the efficiency of system management.   The lsi 9380-4i4e from STOR Technology Limited is an original high-performance array card with a 3-year warranty. And our team has more than 10 years of professional experience, provide perfect pre-sales and after-sales, so that you experience the most extreme service at the most affordable price.

The LSI 9560-8i and LSI 9560-16i are two RAID controllers made by Broadcom.Here are their specifications and advantages:   Specification: Number of ports: The MegaRAID 9560-8i has 8 internal SAS/SATA ports, while the MegaRAID 9560-16i has 16 internal SAS/SATA ports. These ports can be used to connect hard drives and build RAID arrays.   RAID level support: Both controllers support multiple RAID levels, including RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 6, RAID 10, and RAID 50. Therefore, you can choose the best RAID level for your needs to balance data protection and performance.   Interface: They all adopt PCIe 3.0x8 interface, which provides sufficient bandwidth and fast data transfer speed.   Cache: MegaRAID 9560-8i and 9560-16i both have cache function, which can speed up the access to data and improve system performance.   Data protection: They have features such as global hotplugging, Battery Backup Protection (BBU), and RAID Drive Virtualization (RDM) to ensure data integrity and security.   Management software: The accompanying MegaRAID Storage Manager software provides an intuitive graphical user interface that allows users to easily configure, manage and monitor storage.   Advantages: Flexibility: Depending on the storage requirements, the number of ports of MegaRAID 9560-8i 05-50077-01 and 9560-16i 05-50077-00 provides different options, users can choose the appropriate version to meet the storage requirements according to the actual situation.   High reliability: Using high-quality components and advanced RAID technology, both controllers provide strong data protection and fault tolerance to reduce storage system risk.   High performance: The PCIe interface, cache and fast data transfer speed enable the MegaRAID 9560-8i and 9560-16i to handle large amounts of data and provide excellent storage performance.   Management and monitoring: The MegaRAID Storage Manager software makes it easy to configure, manage and monitor RAID arrays, enhancing the controllability and manageability of the storage system.   In summary, both MegaRAID 9560-8i and 9560-16i are powerful RAID controllers with high reliability, flexibility and high performance, which are suitable for building enterprise storage solutions. Contact us, to provide you with the best choice and solution, the factory price and three years warranty, is your most secure choice.

The unmatched performance of the Megaraid 9380 8E is one of its most striking features. The controller can handle diverse data workloads in an efficient and stable manner. With its excellent data transfer speed and excellent processing power, the LSI 9380-8E LSI00438 can easily cope with the high-intensity work requirements such as large-scale data processing, virtualization and cloud computing. Here are the specifications and benefits of the LSI 9380-8e MegaRAID array card: Specification: Number of ports: The LSI 9380-8e has eight external SAS (Serial connection SCSI) ports for connecting to external hard drives. This makes it suitable for scenarios where external storage needs to be connected, such as storage extensions or external storage cabinets. RAID level support: The array card supports multiple RAID levels including RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 6, RAID 10, and RAID 50. This allows you to choose the appropriate RAID configuration for your needs to provide data protection and performance optimization. Interface: LSI 9380-8e uses PCIe 3.0x8 interface to support high performance storage through high-speed data transfer and bandwidth. Caching: It comes with a 512MB or 1GB DDR3 cache, which provides fast data caching and read/write speeds to improve storage performance and response time. Data Protection: The LSI 9380-8e features optional SAS RAID-on-Chip (ROC) technology and Battery Backup Protection (BBU) to provide advanced data protection and fault tolerance to prevent data loss. Management software: Paired with LSI MegaRAID Storage Manager software, it provides an intuitive user interface, making it easier and more convenient to configure, manage and monitor the array. Advantages: High performance: Megaraid sas 9380-8e is equipped with advanced RAID technology and high-speed data transmission, which can provide excellent storage performance to meet enterprise storage requirements. Data protection and fault tolerance: Support for multiple RAID levels and optional SAS ROC technology and BBU capabilities provides advanced data protection and fault tolerance to reduce the risk of data loss. Flexibility and extensibility: Eight external SAS ports are suitable for connecting external hard drives to meet the requirements of storage expansion or external storage cabinets. Simple management: Equipped with intuitive MegaRAID Storage Manager software, it makes the configuration, management and monitoring of array operations easier and easier to operate. To ensure customer satisfaction and trust, STOR provides the LSI 9380-8E with a three-year warranty, providing comprehensive protection for your investment. No matter what part of the data storage field, this controller can operate robustly, giving you excellent data reliability and security.

Above we introduced the two important components of the hard disk. The article mentioned the ST2400MM0129 supplied by STOR Technology Limited, and now we will talk about it in detail. The ST2400MM0129 is a SAS hard drive model of the Exos 10E2400 series manufactured by Seagate. The following are the specific specifications and advantages of the hard disk: 1. Capacity: ST2400MM0129 has a storage capacity of 2.4TB, which can accommodate a large amount of data. 2. Interface: It uses SAS interface to provide reliable connection for high performance storage environment. 3. Speed: The speed of the hard disk is 10,000 RPM, which provides faster data access speed and is suitable for applications with high performance requirements. 4. Cache: With 256MB cache, it can speed up data read and write operations and improve system response speed. 5. Reliability: Seagate's reliability technology, including sensors, RAID recovery capabilities, and advanced error correction, protects data from corruption or loss. 6. High performance: HDD ST2400MM0129 is designed for enterprise-class storage environment, providing excellent read and write performance, suitable for data centers, servers and large-scale applications. 7. Durability: The hard drive has high vibration resistance and reliability to perform well in continuous operation and challenging environments. In general, Seagate ST2400MM0129 is a SAS hard disk with large capacity, fast speed, stable performance and high reliability, suitable for enterpriselevel environments with high requirements for data storage and processing. STOR not only provides high-performance hard drives, but also the original new Raid Card,HBA Card,Fiber Card,Network Card, etc. We will provide you with professional pre-sales and after-sales service, welcome to consult

STOR Technology Limited provides server accessories in addition to array cards, expansion cards, fiber optic cards, etc., as well as high performance enterprise hard disks. Such as:Seagate ST1000NM001A, Seagate ST2400MM0129.Let us briefly introduce the two important components of the hard disk drives: platters and magnetic heads.   Disk The substrate of the disc is made of metal or glass material, and in order to achieve high density and high stability, the surface of the substrate is required to be smooth and flat, without any defects. The magnetic powder is then sputtered onto the substrate surface and finally coated with a protective lubrication layer. Two technologies should be applied here, one is to create an extremely fine magnetic powder without impurities, and the other is to sputter the magnetic powder evenly.   The coarse density of each side of the disc is 32901120000b, which can be seen that its density is quite high, so the disc can not have any pollution, and the whole manufacturing must be carried out in the clean room of Class 100, which is also the reason why the hard disk needs to be disassembled and repaired in the clean room. Because the magnetic head uses the air flow to float on the platter and does not touch the platter, it can move back and forth between the rails at high speed, but if the magnetic head distance from the platter is too high to read the signal will be too weak, too low and will grind to the surface of the platter, so the surface of the platter must be quite smooth and flat, any foreign matter and dust will make the magnetic head friction to the magnetic surface and cause permanent damage to the data.   Magnetic head The storage principle of hard disk is to store data using its control circuit through the hard disk Read Write Head (Read Write Head) to change the N and S polarity of the extremely fine magnetic particle clusters on the surface of the disk, so these disks are very important.   In order to store more data, the magnetic particle clusters must be sputtered within the range that the magnetic head can locate, and the smaller the magnetic particles are made, the better. After sputtering, the magnetic particle density on the disk surface is quite high, and the hard disk read and write head needs to float on the disk surface in order to move back and forth on the disk surface at high speed to read data, but can not contact, contact will cause scratches. If the magnetic head is too high, the signal read will be very weak and cannot meet the requirements of high stability, so it should be as low as possible, and its Flying Height is very small (can be likened to requiring a Boeing 747 passenger plane, its flight height must be maintained at a distance of 1 meter and not crash). This technique is achieved entirely by generating airflow over the disc as the disc rotates, using aerodynamics to levitate the head above the disc.   Early hard drives had to run a program called Parking every time they were turned off. Its function was to return the magnetic head to an area of the innermost ring of the disk that was free of magnetic particles, called the start-stop zone. When a hard disk is not working, the magnetic head stays in the start-stop zone. When data needs to be read or written from the hard disk, the hard disk spins first. When the rotation speed reaches the rated speed, the magnetic head will be lifted by the airflow generated by the rotation of the platter, and the magnetic head will move to the area where the data is stored in the platter. The airflow generated by the disc's rotation is strong enough to hold up the magnetic head and maintain a tiny distance from the disc surface. The smaller the distance, the higher the sensitivity of the magnetic head to read and write data, and of course the higher the requirements for the components of the hard disk.   The early design of the disk drive can keep the head flying a few micrometers above the disk surface, and some later designs reduce the height of the head flying on the disk surface to about 0.1 to 0.5μm, and now the level has reached 0.005 to 0.01μm, which is only one thousandth of the diameter of a human hair. The airflow can both pull the magnetic head out of the open disk surface and keep it close enough to the disk surface to undate very closely with the disk surface, so that the flight of the magnetic head is strictly controlled. The magnetic head must fly above the disk without touching the disk, a distance that avoids chafing the magnetic coating and, more importantly, damaging the magnetic head. However, the magnetic head can not be too far away from the disk, otherwise it can not make the disk to achieve a strong enough magnetization, it is difficult to read the data on the disk.   Tip: The flying height of the magnetic head of the hard disk drive is low and the speed is fast. Once a small dust enters the hard disk sealing cavity or the magnetic head collides with the disk body, it may cause data loss to form a bad block, and even cause damage to the magnetic head and disk body. Therefore, the sealing of the hard disk system must be reliable, and the hard disk sealing chamber must not be opened under non-professional conditions, otherwise the dust will accelerate the damage of the hard disk. In addition, the seek servo motor of the hard drive head is shown to use a voice coil type rotary or linear motion stepper motor, which accurately tracks the track of the disk under the adjustment of the servo tracking, so the hard disk does not have impact collision when working, and should be carefully handled when moving.

The LPe32002-M2 is a high-performance Fibre Channel adapter from Emulex. The following is a detailed introduction to it:   Fibre Channel technology: The LPe32002-M2 uses 8Gb/s or 16Gb/s Fibre Channel technology to connect storage devices and host servers for high-speed data transmission and storage area network (SAN) connectivity.   Performance optimization: The adapter has excellent performance characteristics and supports high-speed, low-latency data transfer. It can meet the high demand for storage bandwidth and I/O applications, such as virtualized environments, large databases and online transaction processing.   High Availability: The LPe32002-M2 provides several high availability features, including interleaved path redundancy (IPR), dynamic path selection (DPS), and multipath failover (MPFA). These functions improve the redundancy and fault tolerance of the storage system to ensure data reliability and availability.   Simplified administration: The adapter supports Emulex OneCommand Manager applications, simplifying the deployment, configuration, and administration of the adapter. Administrators can easily monitor adapter status, perform diagnostics and troubleshooting, and perform firmware upgrades.   Compatibility: The LPe32002-M2 adapter has a wide range of compatibility and can be used with multiple operating systems and storage devices. It supports major server operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and VMware, as well as storage switches and storage devices that interoperate with other Fibre Channel products.   In summary, the LPe32002-M2 is a high-performance Fibre Channel adapter for storage area network environments for fast and reliable data transfer. With high availability features and simplified management functions, it is compatible with a variety of operating systems and storage devices, providing enterprises with efficient storage solutions.   Trust the Expertise of Over 10 Years in the Industry. Choose the LPE32002-M2 Fiber Card for Unparalleled Performance and Reliability. STOR Technology Limited allows you to experience high performance at factory prices. ODM orders Welcome!

The LSI 9361-8i is a high-performance RAID controller that delivers data transfer speeds of 12Gb/s. The following is a detailed introduction to 05-25420-17 sas card:   Ports and performance: LSI Megaraid 9361 8i uses PCIe 3.0 ports and supports eight internal Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ports. It supports a data transfer speed of 12Gb/s, which is a fast and reliable transfer rate suitable for handling large amounts of data and high-performance applications.   RAID function: The 9361-8i is a hardware RAID controller that supports RAID levels 0, 1, 5, 6, 10, 50 and 60. These RAID levels offer different data protection and performance options to meet the needs of different users.   Caching and acceleration: The controller has 2GB of built-in cache, enabling data persistence and protection by adding an optional CacheVault module. In addition, the 9361-8i also supports SSD Caching technology, which provides faster read and write speeds and better performance by using the SSD as a cache.   Management and monitoring: The LSI 9361-8i is equipped with Megaraid Storage Manager (MSM) software to easily manage and monitor RAID arrays. The MSM provides an intuitive graphical user interface, enabling users to configure arrays, monitor disk status, and perform online capacity expansion.   Compatibility: LSI 9361-8i is compatible with modern servers and workstations, and supports mainstream operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and VMware.   In summary, the LSI 9361-8i is a high-performance RAID controller with fast data transfer speeds and a wide selection of RAID levels. It also has caching and acceleration capabilities, providing easy management and monitoring tools for storage solutions that require high performance and data protection.   STOR will provide you with a new, original LSI 9361-8I with a three-year warranty. Our company has more than 10 years of professional experience, supply a variety of server accessories: hba card, raid card, optical fiber card, hard disk, capacitor and so on. .ODM orders Welcome

Introducing the LSI 9750-8i - the ultimate original and high-performance solution for all your storage needs. With its support for 3Gb/s and 6Gb/s, SAS and SATA, HDDs and SSDs, this cutting-edge technology is the answer to all your data management requirements.Featuring advanced SAS RAID capabilities, the LSI 9750-8i provides enterprise-class reliability, availability, and scalability for your most demanding applications. Its intelligent caching technology ensures blazing-fast performance, while its innovative DataBolt technology helps improve overall storage efficiency and reduce costs.The LSI 9750-8i is the perfect solution for businesses of all sizes, enabling them to store, protect, and access their critical data with ease and confidence. Whether you are managing a small business or a large enterprise, this powerful technology can help you stay ahead of the curve and meet your evolving storage needs.Experience the power of the LSI 9750-8i and take your storage capabilities to the next level. Get ready for unmatched performance, reliability, and efficiency – all packed into one sleek and sophisticated package.

LSI 9500 8e - The Ultimate HBA for Unbeatable Storage Performance   A high-performance Host Bus Adapter (HBA) is an indispensable component of any modern storage solution. And when it comes to choosing the best HBA for your storage needs, the LSI 9500 8e stands out as one of the best. With its cutting-edge features and unmatched performance, the LSI 9500 8e is the ultimate choice for those who want the best in storage performance.   So what does an HBA in storage mean, and why is the 9500 8e such a compelling choice? To put it simply, an HBA is a specialized device that enables the connection between a server and a storage array. It acts as a bridge between the server and storage, ensuring that data can be transferred quickly and efficiently. In other words, an HBA is the link that makes data storage possible.   And when it comes to the LSI 9500 8e, you can expect nothing but the best. This HBA is designed to deliver unparalleled performance, even under the most demanding conditions. It supports up to 1024 SAS or SATA devices, allowing you to scale up your storage to meet the growing needs of your business. With eight external 12 Gb/s SAS/SATA ports, the 9500 8e enables lightning-fast data transfer speeds that are essential for modern-day data storage demands.   Moreover, the LSI 9500 8e comes packed with features that make it not just a reliable but also a versatile HBA for all your storage needs. It supports key RAID levels, including RAID 0, RAID 1, and RAID 1E, which provides unparalleled data protection and redundancy. In addition, it's compatible with a wide range of operating systems and hardware platforms, ensuring that it can be easily integrated into almost any storage infrastructure.   So, in conclusion, if you're looking for an HBA that delivers unbeatable performance, reliability, and versatility, then the LSI 9500 8e is your go-to choice. With its top-of-the-line features and unmatched performance, the 9500 8e is the ultimate solution for all your storage needs.

A disk array storage system is an enterprise-class storage solution that aims to provide high levels of data availability, reliability, and performance. In this article, we will analyze the various components of a disk array storage system from hard to soft aspects.   Hard aspects refer to the hardware components that make up the disk array system. These include: 1. Disks: The disks are the primary storage medium in a disk array system. Enterprise-class disks are designed for heavy-duty usage and are highly reliable, with a low failure rate. These disks are often constructed with advanced features such as multiple heads, advanced error correction mechanisms, and vibration dampening to ensure maximum reliability and performance.   2. Controllers: The controllers are responsible for managing the operations of the disk array system. These components handle functions such as data transfers, RAID management, and cache management. High-end controllers are equipped with redundant components such as dual CPUs, power supplies, and network interfaces to ensure maximum uptime and data availability.   3. Enclosures: The enclosures hold the disks and controllers and provide environmental stability, power, and cooling for the disks. High-end enclosures are designed for hot-swapping of disks and controllers, enabling maintenance without disrupting the data access or performance of the system.   Soft aspects refer to the software components that make up the disk array system. These include: 1. RAID Levels: RAID is a data redundancy and data distribution technology used to improve data availability, reliability, and performance. Disk array systems support various RAID levels, including RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, 10, 50, and 60. High-end disk arrays also offer advanced data protection and recovery mechanisms such as snapshot, replication, and mirroring.   2. Management Software: Disk array systems require management software to configure, monitor, and control the system. This software provides a graphical user interface, command-line interface, and APIs to manage the different components of the disk array system. High-end disk arrays also offer advanced management features such as alerts, reporting, analytics, and automated management tasks.   3. Backup and Recovery: Disk array systems require backup and recovery mechanisms to ensure data protection and recovery in case of a disaster. High-end disk arrays offer advanced backup and recovery features such as off-site replication, backup to tape, and cloud backup.   In conclusion, a disk array storage system is a complex system consisting of hardware and software components that work together to provide high levels of data availability, reliability, and performance. Enterprises need to carefully consider the hard and soft aspects of the disk array system before selecting and deploying a solution.

In this question, we need to have a certain understanding of RAID 5, SAS 24G array card, PCIe Switch and other concepts. RAID 5 is one of the disk array schemes that uses distributed error correction coding technology to realize data redundancy and backup. Raid 5 generally features high performance, high availability, and high reliability. SAS 24 Gbit/s array controller card is a type of disk array controller card that supports SAS or SATA ports. The SAS 24 Gbit/s array controller card improves disk read/write speed and improves the performance and reliability of the storage system. PCIe Switch is a switching device based on PCI Express technology. It converts PCI Express channels into other forms of communication interfaces, improving communication bandwidth and data transmission rate.   If a SAS 24G array card is embedded into a PCIe Switch, you can increase the data transmission bandwidth by adding circuit boards and channels. Therefore, in this case, the write bandwidth of RAID 5 can be increased to 11.7GB/s, that is, 11.7GB of data can be written per second. This data transmission rate is very fast, which can meet the requirements of large-scale data centers and high-performance computing applications.   Note that the actual bandwidth is limited by many factors, such as disk read/write speed, memory bandwidth, and system stability. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to optimize and adjust the system according to the specific situation to improve the performance and reliability of the system.   There are several manufacturers in the market offering SAS 24G array cards embedded in PCIe Switch products, and different models vary in terms of features, performance, interfaces, and prices. The following are some common models that insert a SAS 24G array card into a PCIe Switch:   Microsemi Adaptec Series 8: This is a powerful SAS/SATA RAID controller card that can support up to 16 disk drives and connect it to the host via a PCIe Gen3 x8 interface. The card also has advanced RAID features such as online fault-tolerant recovery and flash write-back caching.   Broadcom MegaRAID SAS 9361-8i: This card is a SAS/SATA RAID controller card that supports up to 240 disk drives and connects it to the host via a PCIe Gen3 x8 port. The card also has advanced RAID functions, such as online expansion and RAID cascading.   Avago HBA 9400-16i: The Avago HBA is a high-end Host Bus Adapter (HBA) that supports up to 1024 devices and connects to the host through PCIe Gen3 x16 ports. The card also supports the NVMe protocol, which provides faster data transfer rates and low latency.   QLogic QLE8262-CU-CK: The card is a combination of a high-performance 10GbE network adapter and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) controller. It supports PCIe Gen2 x8 interface connection and provides up to 20 Gbps of data bandwidth. It is suitable for high-performance computing and large-scale data centers.     The above are some common models that embed the SAS 24G array card into the PCIe Switch, but not all of them. Choosing the right product should be based on the specific application scenario and requirements.